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Why Use Printed Leaflets

Printed material, which includes leaflets, newspapers, posters, handbills, books, magazines, and such items as novelties, trinkets, and gifts with messages printed on them, is major means of conveying propaganda.

A propaganda message printed on substantial material is a relatively permanent document. Once printed and delivered, it can be retained and readily passed from person to person without distortion.

A properly developed and designed message (shape, color, format, texture, and other physical characteristics have been duly considered) can have a deep and lasting effect on the target audience.

使用印刷傳單的目的

　　印刷的材料包括傳單、報紙、海報、廣告傳單、書籍、雜誌，以及其他像是廉價的小玩具、小裝飾品和印有訊息的禮物等項目，都是傳播文宣的主要手段。

　　印在有價材料的文宣訊息，是可以相對維持時間較久的文件，一旦印製並傳遞之後，可以保存並在人群間相互傳遞而內容不會遭到扭曲。

　　適度研發與設計的訊息（充分考量其形狀、顏色、規格、材質與其他外表的特徵) ，可對目標群眾產生深刻並持久的效果。

ADVANTAGES

1. The printed word has a high degree of acceptance, credibility, and prestige.

2.Printed matter is unique in that it can be passed from person to person without distortion.

3.It allows for the reinforcing use of photographs and graphic illustrations which can be understood by illiterates.

4.It is permanent and the message will not change unless it is physically altered.

5. It can be disseminated and read or viewed by a larger, widespread target audience.

6.It can be reread for reinforcement.

7.Complex and lengthy material can be explained in detail.

8.It can be hidden and read in private.

9.Messages can be printed on almost any surface, including useful items.

10.Printed material can gain prestige by acknowledging authoritative and expert authors. This is particularly important in those societies where the printed word is authoritative.

優點

一、印刷字體有較高的接受度、可信度與影響力。

二、印刷品之所以有獨特的特色， 是因為它可以在人與人之間相互傳遞而不會遭到扭曲。

三、印刷品可以加強對照片與圖解說明的運用，這樣比較容易讓不識字的人看得懂。

四、印刷品可維持較長的時間而且除非外觀改變，否則訊息不會改變。

五、印刷品可在較大規模且分布廣泛的目標群眾傳散、閱讀與觀看。

六、印刷品可供反覆閱讀，以加強效果。

七、可以詳細解釋複雜且冗長的資料。

八、印刷品可以收藏並私下秘密閱讀。

九、幾乎在任何物體的表面上皆可印製訊息，包括實用的東西。

十、印刷品可以經由公認可靠與專家作者而獲得影響力，這在強制要求印刷字體的社會更是特別地重要。

DISADVANTAGES

1. A high illiteracy rate reduces the effectiveness and usefulness of the printed message.

2.Printing operations require special, extensive, continuing logistical support.

3.Dissemination is time-consuming and costly, requiring the use of special facilities and complex coordination.

4. As printed material must be physically delivered to the target audience, the enemy can prevent or interfere with its dissemination.

5. It is less timely than other means of communication.

6. It can be collected and destroyed by the enemy.

7.It can be altered by overprinting.

8.Where prohibited, it can readily be uncovered by search and stringent penalties imposed for possession.

9. Development and design of effective printed material requires trained and knowledgeable personnel.

缺點

一、在文盲較多的地方，會減低印刷訊息的效果與實用性。

二、印刷作業需要特別、龐大、與持續的後勤支援。

三、傳散相當費時且成本較高，需要運用特殊的設施與複雜的協調。

四、印刷品必須將實物傳遞給目標群眾，而敵人得以阻止或干擾其傳散。

五、印刷品與其他通信手段相比，較不具時效性。

六、印刷品可被敵人收集與破壞。

七、印刷品經由套印後，可以改變其內容。

八、在禁止傳單的地方，印刷品會因搜索以及加諸持有者的嚴格刑罰等而失去掩護。

九、研發與設計有效的印刷品，需要訓練有素與常識豐富的工作人員。

CATEGORIES OF LEAFLETS
Leaflets may be categorized as persuasive, informative, and directive.

傳單的種類

傳單可分為說服性、宣傳性與引導性傳單。

·                                 The persuasive leaflet attains its objective through use of reason. Facts are presented so that the audience is convinced that the conclusions reached by the propagandist are valid.

一、說服性傳單

·                                 說服性傳單透過說明使用理由而達到其目標，提出事實後群眾就會相信宣傳者的結論是真實的。

·                                 The informative leaflet is factual. In presenting facts previously unknown to the audience, it attracts a reading public by satisfying curiosity.

二、宣傳性傳單

·                                 宣傳性傳單是以事實作依據，事先提出群眾不知道的事實，藉由滿足好奇心來吸引大眾的閱讀。

·                                 The directive leaflet directs action when intelligence indicates the target is receptive. It is used to direct and control activities of underground forces. It may be used to disrupt enemy production by giving advance warning of bombing attacks and suggesting that workers in enemy production facilities protect themselves by staying away from work.

三、指示性傳單

·                                 指示性傳單是當情報指出，目標容易接受新的思想與建議時而指導其行動，它是用來引導與控制地下組織兵力的活動，並可以用來分化敵軍的生產工作，經由進一步轟炸攻擊警告，並建議在敵軍生產設施的工作人員離開工作崗位，以保護自己。
During consolidation and foreign internal defense operations, directive leaflets assist in maintaining law and order and in publicizing government programs.

在鞏固與外國內部防禦作戰期間，指示性傳單可以協助維護法律與秩序以及宣導政府的計畫。

LEAFLET USE
Leaflets are developed for specific uses, such as standard, special situation, safe conduct, and news.

傳單的運用

傳單已發展成為特定的用途，諸如標準傳單、特殊狀況傳單、安全證與新聞傳單。

Standard leaflets contain general propaganda messages intended for repeated use in all types of psychological operations. They are particularly valuable in fast-moving tactical situations when PSYOP units are unable to prepare leaflets to fit rapidly changing situations. The content of standard leaflets used in support of foreign internal defense, unconventional warfare, and consolidation operations varies widely.
標準傳單包含一般文宣訊息，試圖在各類型的心理作戰中重複使用，它們在快速移動的戰術狀況下顯得特別有利用價值，尤其是在心戰單位無法準備傳單來迎接瞬息萬變的狀況之下。標準傳單的內容可用於支持外國內部防禦作戰、非傳統戰爭與鞏固作戰等，變化萬千。

·                                 Advantages of Standard Leaflets. Use of standard leaflets:

·                                 標準傳單的優點，標準傳單的運用：

o                                                        Permits rapid dissemination of a variety of propaganda messages. Leaflets are prepared in advance, stockpiled in bulk, or loaded in disseminating devices for storage or immediate delivery. This provides flexibility for the use of PSYOP at all levels of command.

o                                                        Permits standardization of selected propaganda themes or messages, insuring consistency of propaganda content.

o                                                        Allows cataloging. Standard leaflets are easily cataloged. The availability of catalogs of standard leaflets simplifies the task of integrating selected leaflets into tactical operations.

o                                                        Permits the most efficient use of large, high-speed presses at theater Army level and maximum use of commercial facilities.

o                                                        Permits a joint production agency to better control printed propaganda materials.

o                                                        Allows pretesting well in advance of dissemination.

o                                                        Insures continuation of the PSYOP effort even though reproduction equipment may be destroyed or temporarily disabled.

一、得以快速傳散許多不同的文宣訊息。

二、預先準備傳單，可大量儲備或裝載於傳散的設備，以儲存或立即傳送，提供各級指揮層級彈性，作為心戰運用。

三、允許選擇的文宣主題或訊息標準化，以確保文宣內容的一致性。

四、可以編入目錄。標準傳單易於編目，標準傳單目錄的方便可用性簡化整合選擇傳單作為戰術作戰的工作。

五、在作戰區陸軍階層中，大量與高速壓縮的情形下，發揮最有效率地運用，以及商業設施最大的使用率。

六、容許聯合生產機構改善管制印刷文宣材料。

七、容許在傳散前進行完善地預備測試。

八、即使在印刷裝備可能遭受摧毀或暫時失去作用時，仍可確保心戰成果的延續性。

Disadvantages of Standard Leaflets:

o                                                        Standard leaflets are usually less effective than leaflets tailored for a specific action or situation.

o                                                        They are subject to deterioration.

o                                                        Circumstances and conditions make them obsolete.
Stockpiles of leaflets become a logistical burden and can be overprinted by the enemy.

o                                                        They endanger enemy soldiers and civilians seen reading them.

·                                 They are instantly identifiable as a PSYOP device; therefore, the leaflet's credibility is suspect.

·                                  Contingency leaflets are prepared for an anticipated event.

·                                 Special situation leaflets are requested when the standard leaflet message is inadequate to exploit a particular propaganda opportunity, situation, or objective. They are developed when intelligence indicates the existence of a specifically exploitable, but transient and presumably non recurring psychological opportunity. They are intended for use only once because the circumstances which govern their preparation are seldom duplicated.

·                                 Use in tactical operations. Tactical PSYOP achieve maximum results when leaflets have specific relevance at the moment of receipt, when psychological pressures are greatest, and when a reasonable course of action is presented. For example, surrender becomes a reasonable course of action only when under current conditions no other alternative action seems plausible.

·                                 Use in strategic operations. Strategic PSYOP are made more effective by the use of special situation leaflets that deal with specific problems and discuss them in terms of current facts. The impact is usually cumulative, rather then immediate, extending over weeks, months, or years. These leaflets are used primarily to communicate with special targets, such as foreign workers in enemy or occupied countries, ethnic or religious groups, members of a particular industrial facility or industry, and friendly resistance groups.

標準傳單的缺點：

一、標準傳單與特別行動或狀況相比，通常是經過特別量身訂做的傳單，比較不具有效率。

二、品質容易降低。

三、無法適時配合環境與狀況的變化。

四、囤積傳單成為後勤一項負擔，同時可能被敵人利用套印。

五、標準傳單會使閱讀的敵軍士兵及平民在被發現後遭受危險。

六、標準傳單是立即可辨的心戰策略；因此，傳單的可信度受到懷疑。

七、必須準備應急傳單，以面對預期的事件。

八、標準傳單訊息無法適用於特殊文宣機會、狀況或目標時，要求使用特別狀況傳單。當情報顯示有特別可利用的存在價值，短暫推測不會再發生之心戰時機時，即可發展標準傳單。打算只使用一次，因為其準備的環境鮮少有複製的情形。

九、運用於戰術行動：傳單在接收的時候有特別相關時、心理壓力最大時以及提出合理的行動路線時，戰術心戰就會達成最大效果。例如，在目前條件下沒有其他可靠替代行動時，投降成為合理的行動路線。

十、運用於戰略行動：戰略心戰藉由特別狀況的傳單運用，處理特殊問題，並以目前的事實討論，才能達到更有效率。這種衝擊通常是日積月累的，而非立即延伸為數週、數月或數年。這些傳單主要用於與特別目標溝通，諸如在敵軍或佔領國工作的外國人、族群或宗教團體、特別工業設施或工業的成員以及對我友好的抵抗群眾。