Delmer claims the rumour was also planted on Admiral Canaris, the head of the Abwehr,


the German military intelligence organisation. 9 It seems the German High Command


were taken-in as experiments were conducted to flameproof their invasion fleet using


sheets of asbestos. When a flameproofed barge, laden with troops, was tested by sailing it


into a burning pool of gasoline, all on board were incinerated. This further added to the


credibility of the rumour and gave additional supporting evidence as more charred bodies


washed ashore.


戴摩宣稱此一謠言亦為德軍軍情局局長海軍上將卡納里斯(Admiral Canaris)所深


信。德軍亦試驗性地將石棉瓦舖設於入侵船艦上。當德軍將載滿官兵防火駁船試驗


性地駛入一個汽油燃燒的大池中,船上所有組員及設施均付之一炬。如此更提高了


謠言的可信度,當更多焦黑的屍體被沖上岸時更給予可信的證據。


Fake one-way trip to England travel ticket air-dropped on German troops.


空投給德軍的傳單:假的「往英國單程票」


To give the story further publicity more open forms of propaganda were also utilized.


Baker White mentions that fake German leave passes were parodied offering a one-way


trip to England and dropped over France. He is probably referring to propaganda leaflet


EH.453, Gutschein berechtigt zur einmaligen Fahrt nach Engelland (“Voucher – good for


a single journey to England”). This was produced in the style of a travel ticket. All


German troops were invited to make use of the ticket for a single trip to England and were


promised “a most cordial reception, with music. Fireworks, free swims, steam baths, and


many other entirely novel forms of entertainment are provided. Visitors will find their


welcome so overwhelming that few are expected ever to return home.” It was stamped in


red, “Valid for next Summer!”. The ticket was disseminated by the RAF’s ‘M’ Balloon Unit between 16 to 31 December 1940 with the intended targets being Holland,


Dijon, and the coastlines of North-western France and Belgium.


為了使故事更為大眾所知,其他更公開的宣傳手法也被應用。懷特提到他們扭劣地


模仿德國出境證並提供往英國的單程票,這些傳單散佈全法國。而他提到的可能是


EH453宣傳傳單「往英國單程票招待卷」。此傳單是以旅行票證方式呈現。所有


德軍均被邀請使用,英方並保證旅途中將以音樂、煙火秀、免費游泳、蒸氣浴及其


他各式娛樂等提供德軍最親切的招待。參訪者將發現自已受到誠摰的歡迎,而樂不


思蜀。它被蓋上紅色的郵戳,並寫印上有效期限至明年夏天。這旅遊卷於1940年12


16至31日由英國皇家空軍的M氣球小組所散播,散佈的目標計有荷蘭、法國第


戎及位於歐洲大陸西北海岸法、比二國。


In a famous BBC broadcast by Sefton Delmer, made before he joined the Government’s


black propaganda department, he mocked the Germans about their chances of launching a


successful invasion. He recounts the broadcast in Black Boomerang: 10


在戴摩加入政府的欺敵部門前,他於英國國家廣播電台播音,並於節目調侃德國人


妄想侵略英國的想法。這些播音他都收入在其後出版的「黑色回飛棒」一書中。


 “We English, as you know, are notoriously bad at languages,” said I, talking my most


impeccable German, “and so it will be best, meine Herren Engellandfahrer, 11 if you learn


a few useful English phrases before visiting us.


“For your first lesson we will take:


“Die Kanalüberfahrt… the Channel crossing, the Chan-nel cros-sing.”


“Now just repeat after me:


“Das Boot sinkt... the boat is sinking, the boat is sin-king;


Das Wasser ist kalt… the water is cold. Sehr kalt… very cold.”


“Now, I will give you a verb that should come in useful. Again please repeat after me:


“Ich brenne… I burn;


“Du brennst… you burn;


“Er brennt… he burns;


“Wir brennen… we burn;


“Ihr brennt… you are burning.”


“Yes, meine Herren, in English, a rather practical language, we use the same word ‘you’


for both the singular and the plural:


“Ihr brennt... you are burning;


“Sie brennen… they burn.”


“And if I may be allowed to suggest a phrase:


Der SS-Sturmführer brennt auch ganz schön… The SS Captain is also burning quite


nicely, the SS Captain is al-so bur-ning quite nice-ly!”


「大家都知道我們英國人學語言最差勁了」我以最正字腔圓的德語說。


「所以各位先生,假如在您們要來英國拜訪我們之前,建議您先學會幾個句子。」


「要通過海峽了,要通-過、海-峽了」


「現在請跟我這麼說」


「船快要沉了,船快要-沉了」


「海水很冷,Sehr kalt是很冷的意思」


「現在,我要教您一個非常好用的動詞。請再跟我一起說。」


「我燒傷了」


「你燒傷了」


「他燒傷了」


「我們燒傷了」


「你們燒傷了」


「是,各位先生,英文真是一種實際的語言,英文中你和你們單複數是同一型式。」


「你們燒傷了」


「他們燒傷了」


「建議各位可以再學一個句子」


「武裝黨衛軍艦長也被燒的很嚴重,武裝黨衛軍艦長也-被-燒的很-嚴-重」


This amusing dialogue was later adapted for use as an aerial propaganda leaflet, (EH.473),


titled Wir fahren gegen Engelland, taken from the popular Nazi war song “We Journey


Against England”. The leaflet was subtitled “the little invasion phrasebook” and listed


phrases, translated into French and Dutch, which the German invasion fleet might find


useful. The leaflet also promises an English pocket phrasebook, handed out free of charge


to every German traveller to England on his arrival in an English prison camp. The first


list gives phrases helpful before the invasion, including such demoralizing sentences as:


這段令人發噱的對話,後來也被收錄在空投傳單的應用。傳單為「我們不去英國了」,


標題取自納粹的著名戰爭歌曲,傳單的附標題為「侵略的小小字彙本」,此傳單同時


釋有法文及荷蘭文版,以利德軍入侵船艦使用。傳單上亦承諾提供預往英國的德軍


每人一本英文詞彙口袋書,以利其抵達英國戰俘營時使用。首先提供的是侵略前用


的,包括一些使人喪志的句子:


The sea is big, cold, stormy.


Can you lend me a safety-jacket – a life belt?


What do you charge for swimming lessons?


How many invasion trips do I need to win the Iron Cross 1st Class?


海洋既大又冷,且多風暴


可否借一件救生衣或安全帶?


游泳課一堂你收多少?


穿越鐵般海峽前,多少侵略之旅得渡了


Next useful phrases for the actual invasion are given and include:


We are seasick. Where is the basin?


Is that a bomb, a torpedo, a shell, a mine?


Our ship is capsizing, sinking, burning, exploding!


Our section, platoon, company, battalion, regiment, is drowning!


以下是提供侵略時可用的有用字彙。


我們暈船了


臉盆那裏找


那是炸彈、魚雷或地雷?


我們船艦傾斜了、沉沒了、燃燒了、爆炸了!


我們的班、排、連、營、團溺斃了!


…and to further the burning sea rumour:


The sea here has such a smell of oil.


Here even the water is burning!


See how beautiful the Captain is burning.


Charles – Willie – Fred – John – Abraham is burnt to ashes – drowned, minced-up by the


ship’s propeller.


We must turn back!


We journey against England!


The leaflet finishes with phrases suitable for after the abortive invasion, ending with:


We journeyed against England.


We want to go home!


以下是有關燃燒海洋的謠言:


這裡的海洋有點油味


這裡的海水都在燃燒


看那 艦長被燒的多麼漂亮


查理、威利、弗列德、約翰和亞伯都不是被燒成灰燼就是溺斃


不然就是被船上螺旋槳碾斃


我們要回去 我們不去英國啦 我們要回家


Nearly a million copies of the leaflet were dropped by RAF aircraft and balloons across


the French and Belgian coastlines, across Northern Holland, in Paris, the port of Brest,


and in several German cities as well.


近一百萬份的傳單由英國皇家空軍及氣球實施空投及空飄至法國及比利時海岸,北


至荷蘭及法國布勒斯特港,以及幾個德國城鎮。


Aerial propaganda leaflet EH.473, Wir fahren gegen Engelland,


taken from the popular Nazi war song “We Journey Against England”.


取自著名戰爭歌曲的納粹空投傳單第EH473號「我們不去英國了」


In the end the expected invasion never materialized, the Battle of Britain was fought out


in the skies over Kent and Sussex and not in the English Channel. The Luftwaffe could


not gain air superiority over the RAF’s Fighter Command and resorted to area bombing of


England’s big cities. The Blitz had begun and the morale of the British people was now


the target. Hitler postponed Operation Sealion permanently.


最後,德軍從未成功入侵大英帝國,英國的戰爭是在肯特郡及薩西克斯郡上空,而


非英吉利海峽。德國空軍無法自英國皇家空軍作戰指揮部處取得空優,便改轉而轟


炸英國各大城市。「閃電戰」開始了,英國人民的戰鬥意志成為了目標。希特勒暫緩


了「海獅計畫」。


Once the threat of invasion had passed the UPC concentrated more on propaganda rather


than deception rumours. High-level deception operations and rumours would come under


the control of the prosaically named London Controlling Section (LCS). Many of the


UPC’s sibs were directed towards influencing attitudes in the occupied countries. In


France, for instance, their aims were to discredit the Vichy government, to stir up


resistance to Germany, and to increase the impression of Britain’s own strength. As an


example, in November 1940 a rumour was disseminated in France to create hostility


towards the Germans, it claimed that the Germans were about to requisition copper and


rubber including tyres from automobiles. Another was spread saying the Eiffel Tower was


going to be disassembled so that the metal could be used for munitions. In Belgium it was


put about that, “the Germans have a British bomber on Nivelles aerodrome which flies.


They have used it to bomb Brussels in an attempt to cause ill-feeling among the Belgians


against England.”


當被侵略的威脅解除後,地下宣傳組織便開始專注於宣傳而非欺敵的謠言。高層的


欺敵活動及造謠則由一個無想像力的組織「倫敦控制小組(London Controlling


Section ,LCS)」來執行。許多地下宣傳組織產出的「喜伯」用來影響被歐洲地區被


佔領國家的意見。以法國為例,他們的目標是用來使附庸政權維希政府難看,並煽


動百姓對德國的反抗,以增加對英國國力的印象。舉例來說,1940年11月發佈的一


則謠言發佈,便是用來激起法國對德國的敵意,其聲稱德國要求法國提供銅及橡膠,


包括汽車使用的輪胎。另一則謠言則是,艾菲爾鐵塔將被拆解,以德國提供金屬來


製造彈藥。在比利時則是流傳「德國於納維爾航空站(Nivelles Aerodrome)內有一


枚英製炸彈,並預備用來投在布魯塞爾,以使比利時及英國二國交惡。」


Another aim was to cause friction between the Axis partners. Italy was constantly


portrayed as weak and militarily inadequate. One rumour targeted for the British press


said, “there is evidence that some of the Italian planes in Greece and Palestine are piloted


by Germans. This is because the Italian raids were so ineffective that the Germans


complained.” Another claimed, “three German transport aircraft carrying troops and


supplies for Africa were shot down by Italian flak near Naples when Italian spotters


reported them as British planes.”


地下宣傳組織的另一目標,則是提高軸心國間的摩擦。義大利一直以被認定為一個


績弱不振及武力不強的國家。一則由英國報章報導的謠言為「證據顯示義大利在希


臘及巴勒斯坦的戰機是由德軍駕駛。其因是義大利雷達毫無效能,並為德國所垢病。」


另一則謠言為「三架載運兵力及補給品前往非洲的德國運輸機於那不勒斯被擊落,


因義大利軍方誤認其為英國運輸機。」


But the main attack of the whispering campaign was the morale of the German Armed


Forces and civilians. The corruption of Nazi bosses, the immorality of the SS, collapse of


the German economy, the spread of disease from the east, poor diet, fear of air raids, the


increasing inferiority of military equipment, the failure of the U-boat war, and the new,


unlimited weaponry of the Allies were themes constantly expressed and exaggerated


through rumour. Some of the rumours were of a technical nature, a few brilliant, others


amusing, some highly pornographic or ghoulish, and many more were “feeble and often


childish”. 12 A number of the rumours were actually true, others contained a lie wrapped


within the truth, and the rest were downright fabrications. Churchill is reputed to have


said, “There are a terrible lot of lies going around the world, and the worst of it is half of


them are true”, perhaps he was thinking of the sib war?


但本次欺敵戰役的主要攻擊目標仍是針對德國軍民的士氣。納粹領袖的貪腐、武裝


黨衛軍的失德、德國經濟的崩塌、由東方傳來的疾病、營養不良、對空襲的恐懼、


軍事裝備的損耗、潛艦戰爭的失利以及媒體報導同盟國強大的武力等均透過謠言被


加強與誇大。有部份的謠言是屬於技術層面、有的光鮮亮麗、有的搞笑、有的則是


以色情圖畫或鬼怪似的來表達,而有的是沒有說服力、幼稚的。為數不少的謠言是


真實的,部份的是真假參半,其他的則是子虛烏有的。邱吉爾有句名言是『這世上


有不少的謊言,但最糟糕的是有一半是真的。』也許,他說的就是欺敵戰爭吧?


Typical directives for the UPC included such things as:


Give widest publicity to all stories emphasising the horror of the winter campaign in


Russia. Themes should be wolves [preying on dead and wounded soldiers], impossibility


of treating wounded, disease, intense cold, and fresh armies training for the spring


offensive in Eastern Russia


Increase in Germany the fear of epidemics spreading from the east. Fleck typhus should


be main theme with some emphasis on trichina and bronchial pneumonia. Germans should


be urged to boil or bake all pork in order to avoid trichina, Breslau should be hinted as the


worst hit centre…


Suggest that the efficiency and morale of the U-boat service is deteriorating rapidly owing


to inexperienced crews, new British depth charge, new American detecting device,


efficiency of Atlantic Patrol, Communist elements among crews…


Foreign workers should not go to Germany because they are transferred to occupied


Poland or blitzed districts, gassed if unfit, sterilized, cheated of their wages, or liable to be


treated as hostages. (For all occupied countries but do not use hostage theme for France).


交付給地下宣傳組織的主要任務有對廣大群眾強調在蘇俄執行冬季作戰的恐怖。其


主要強調有狼群(其以食屍及受傷士兵為主)、無法照顧傷患、疾病、寒冷以及於春


季時在蘇俄東部攻擊作戰的訓練等。並加強德國對東方傳染病的恐懼。斑疹傷寒仍


是強調的重點,但同時也提及旋毛蟲和肺炎等疾病。布列斯勞(Breslau)可能是傳


染病流行的中心地區。暗示德軍極具效能及戰鬥力的潛艦部隊,因生手船員的操作


致效能惡化、英國新製的深水炸彈、美國新式偵測裝備、高效的大西洋巡航、部隊


內的共產份子等等。以及外勞最好不要到德國去工作,因為他們會被調至波蘭或其


他動盪地區,若不服從的話就有可能被施以毒氣、扣薪或當做人質(除法國外,對


其他歐洲被佔領國家均是如此宣傳)。


David Garnett, a former member of the Political Warfare Executive and its official


historian, described the key to a successful rumour.


The really good sib is a poisoned sweetmeat – it is sugarcoated and the deadly dose is not


immediately evident. It will be remembered that early in the war, the Ark Royal was


bombed and a German Air Force pilot was later decorated for sinking the ship which had,


however, only been damaged. Considerably later the Ark Royal was actually sunk. This


placed the German Propaganda Ministry in the dilemma of having to repeat its claim or


ignore a success. A perfect example of the ideal poisoned sweetmeat sib was then put out


by PWE to the effect that both the first and second claims to have sunk the Ark Royal


were true, the explanation being that Britain had broken the Anglo-German Naval


convention by building a duplicate of the Ark Royal before the war. The chocolate offered


to the enemy was that he had won two victories and that all his claims were trustworthy in


spite of appearances. The poison was the reflection that if there were two Ark Royals there


might be two of each of Britain’s other capital ships still afloat.


加納(David Garnett)為前政治作戰局成員及其官方歷史學家,描述一則成功謠言的


關鍵。一則好的「喜伯」是一枚包著糖衣的毒藥,由於其包裹著糖衣,所以它的毒


性不會很快被發覺。在戰爭早期,英國航空母艦皇家方舟(Ark Royal)被轟炸,而


一名德軍空軍飛行員被置於一艘快沉的船艦上。這使得德軍宣傳部陷入進退兩難的


局面,不知要重視或是忽視此一成功。此時裹著糖衣毒藥的謠言,由英國政治作戰


部做出完美的範例,就是說承認德軍擊沉皇家方舟航母是一項事實,但卻使英國打


破「英德海軍會議」協議,於戰前又製造了另一艘皇家方舟航空母艦的事曝光。提


供給敵軍的糖衣是敵軍確實贏得二場勝利,只是贏得不是很好看罷了。而毒藥是假


若有二艘皇家方舟航空母艦,就表示英國有二艘旗艦。


An example of one of the really bad rumours concocted by the UPC and which was


severely ridiculed by the Air Ministry said that in a Messerschmitt fighter brought down


recently, some of the rivets were found to be made of wood! It seems the UPC had a


preoccupation with wooden planes, suggested in January 1941, another of their rumours


joked:


The Germans built a dummy aerodrome in Normandy with wooden planes. Next night the


RAF bombed it – with wooden bombs!15


一則由地下宣傳組織製作差勁的謠言,被德國空軍拿來當作笑談,其內容是德製梅


塞施密特(Messerschmitt)戰鬥機最近被擊落,並發現飛機上的鉚釘是木頭製的。


德軍於諾曼地仿製了一座機場,站內停放了木製的飛機,而英國皇家空軍則以木製


的炸彈來轟炸。


The sib was not approved for dissemination, since the ISSB considered it liable to


compromise intelligence sources. The joke, however, appeared in print a few months later


in the CBS correspondent, William L. Shirer's book, Berlin Diary: The Journal of a


Foreign Correspondent, 1934-1941. Under the entry for 27 November 1940, Shirer claims


he heard it from a mysterious source referred to only as "X" but this time the location of


the dummy aerodrome was near Amsterdam. It is now impossible to tell whether PWE


supplied this amusing anecdote to Shirer as filler for his book, or if it was Shirer who got


the story in circulation after his return from Germany. Either way since the war it has


become an urban legend in various guises


這則謠言並未被認可發佈,其因是「軍事情報部」認為此謠言會透露出消息來源。


好笑的是這件事竟出現在美國哥倫比亞廣播公司特派記者席爾(William L. Shirer)


的「柏林日記-1934年至1941年一位外國記者記錄(Berlin Diary: The Journal of a


Foreign Correspondent, 1934-1941)」一書中。在1940年11月27日,席爾聲稱他自


秘密消息來源指出,這座假機場位於阿姆斯特丹附近。如今已不知道是英國政治作


戰部將這則有趣的軼事透露給席爾,還是席爾自德國回來後以訛傳訛聽來的。不論


如何,這場戰爭已變成一場當代傳奇了。


What must be one of the most ridiculous sibs ended up being scathingly criticised by the


Daily Mail journalist Wilson Broadbent, he wrote:


I am told that some of the broadcasts designed to convert Germans to the well-meaning


intentions of Britain must make even a German laugh. Are the Germans being told of


Britain’s determination to fight to the end, or are they being soothed by Socialism sent out


in the name of the Government?


其中有一則非常離譜的謠言,後來被「每日郵報(Daily Mail)」記者布勞班特(Wilson Broadbent)嚴厲地批論,其內容寫道:


聽說有些廣播節目內容設計成希望讓德國佬對英國轉為善意,這一定會讓德國佬笑掉大牙。難道說德國佬會不知道英國決定抗戰到底的決心嗎?或是他們被社會主義政府給哄騙了?


One perfect example of propaganda for German consumption on another plane… was to this effect: ‘The British Government have ordered 26 sharks from the Australian Government for immediate delivery in the English Channel, and woe betide any German soldier who tries to cross that stretch of water’. 16


Actually the real sib specified 200 sharks but that is not important. This was not the type of publicity the UPC was hoping for. 17


另一則荒謬的謠言是英國政府已經從澳洲訂購了26條鯊魚放入英吉利海峽,以對付任何想要穿越此海域的德軍。事實上,真正的謠言是訂購了200條鯊魚,但這並非重點。因為這並非是地下宣傳組織想引起大家注意的地方。


Ralph Murray, one time member of the Underground Propaganda Committee, and later would become head of the Information Resource Department


墨菲(Ralph Murray)為地下宣傳組織的成員之一,後來為「情報資源部」部長


In January 1941 the UPC comprised of Ralph Murray (later Sir), John Rayner, Leslie Sheridan or his representative, and Sir Hanns Vischer. To bring better organisation for the production of sibs Rayner, a former features editor with the Daily Express, was appointed the rumour rapporteur, or the “Sibster” as he would become known. He was responsible for formulating rumours and obtaining ideas from the regional heads which he then submitted to the Committee for consideration. Once the rumour had been successfully vetted it could then be disseminated.


Initially SIS was the primary disseminator of rumours but because of their lack of available agents operating in occupied Europe they happily passed the responsibility onto Department D/Q of SOE for the duration of the war.


1941年1月,地下宣傳組織成員包括了墨菲(Ralph Murray,後晉為爵士)、雷納(John Rayner)、謝理登及其代理人(Leslie Sheridan)及菲舍爾爵士(Sir Hanns Vischer)


等人。為了產出更佳的謠言,前「每日快遞(Daily Express)」主編雷納被指派為謠言記錄員,也就是大家所熟知的「喜伯使者」。他負責編排謠言並向委員會成員收集各種主意。一但謠言通過審查,即可開始散佈。起初,秘密情報處負責散佈謠言,但由於他們在歐洲被佔領國家的情報員不足,所以後來便樂於將此任務轉由特種作戰部的D/Q部門來執行。


Department D/Q was originally formed as part of Section D before merging into SOE. To this very day their official title is still a state secret and blanked out in official documents but were later known as the “Press Propaganda Department”. Despite the bulk of SOE’s surviving archives being released for public inspection at least half of Department D/Q’s


work remains classified. However what we do know is that they were responsible for distributing clandestine printed propaganda and rumours, “secret journalism” to manipulate the world’s press - partly through their own News Agencies - and had a hand in Britain’s legendary deception operations, amongst other things.


D/Q部門在併入特種作戰部前,原為D小組之一部份。時至今日,此小組的官方名稱仍屬保密,且不列入任何官方文件內,但後來我們所知其被稱為媒體宣傳部門。


雖然特種作戰部僅存檔案已公開由大眾檢視,但仍有半數D/Q部門任務仍是屬機密。然而,就我們所知此部門是負責秘密文宣資料及謠言的散播、從事秘密新聞工作並透過他們的新聞通訊社來操作世界各國的媒體,其對英國傳奇的欺敵作戰有著相當重要的參與。


The department was staffed with journalists and was originally headed by Colonel Leslie Sheridan. Prior to the war he was on the staff of the Daily Mirror. The communist spy and former Times correspondent Kim Philby reflects in his autobiography My Silent War that he received a telephone call from Sheridan inviting him for the interview which led to his employment with SOE. 18 Philby apparently taught propaganda at the SOE agent training schools before joining Section V of SIS, possibly explaining why Sheridan was the person recruiting him.


此部門由謝理登上校領軍,並組員以新聞工作者為主。謝理登上校於戰前是於「鏡報(Daily Mirror)」服務。共黨間諜及前時代雜誌特派員費比(Kim Philby),在其自傳性著作「我的沉默戰爭(My Silent War)」一書中提到,謝理登曾來電力邀其加入特種作戰部工作。在加入秘密情報處V部門前,費比明顯地曾由特種情報部訓練宣傳作業,這也許可以解釋謝理登曾吸收他入部。


Sheridan, or “Sherry” to his friends, later moved up the chain of command and his position as head of Department D/Q was taken over by Lionel Hale in July 1942.


Lionel Hale was a dramatist, broadcaster, and journalist. He wrote a number of plays including the comedy Gilt and Gingerbread and was a presenter on BBC radio and later television. He was the first host of the long-running Radio 4 Round Britain Quiz which is currently hosted by his godson. His SOE personnel file recorded that he was, “…altogether a most efficient and attractive man whose sense of fun and humour enhances and is partially responsible for his exceptional capability in many branches of journalism.”


謝理登,其友人稱之謝理,後來晉升為D/Q部門主管,之後於1942年7月由哈爾Lionel Hale)接任。哈爾是一位劇作家、電台主持人及新聞工作者。他編寫了不少戲劇,包括喜劇「糖霜與薑餅(Gilt and Gingerbread)」,由英國國家廣播電台製成廣播劇,後來改編為電視劇。他是帶狀節目「環英問答(Round Britain Quiz)」的第一位主持人,此節目現在由其教子主持。哈爾於特種作戰部記載的個人資料指出,「此人極具效率及個人魅力」

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