CrabHao火雲豪

Operational considerations. The following operational considerations should determine the use of special situation leaflets:
-Serve as a means for timely exploitation of psychological opportunities.
-Serve as a means to communicate more intimately with the target audience and permit the message to be more precisely slanted to the immediate and particular needs of the audience.

作戰鞏固，以下作戰鞏固應該決定特別狀況的傳單運用：

一、作為適時利用心戰時機的手段。

二、作為與目標群眾更加密切溝通的手段，容許訊息更精確頃向群眾立即與特別的需要。

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEAFLETS

·                                 Leaflet production is affected by the physical characteristics of paper, such as shape, texture, quality, size, and weight. Legibility and color reproduction are noticeably affected by paper quality and texture. A high grade of paper is needed for correct color reproduction. Quality also affects durability. Safe conduct passes should always be printed on durable, high quality paper.

·                                 The major factors involved in selection of paper weights and leaflet sizes are:

o                                                        Message length.

o                                                        Artwork required.

o                                                        Delivery system to be used.

o                                                        Press capabilities.

o                                                        Purpose of the leaflet.

傳單的外在特徵

一、傳單製作受到紙張外在特徵的影響，諸如形狀、材質、品質、大小與重量。

二、易讀性與顏色複製明顯受到紙張品質與材質的影響，高等級紙張需要修正顏色的重現。

三、品質也影響持久性，安全通行證總要印刷在持久耐用品質高的紙張。

四、涉及選擇紙張重量與傳單大小的主要因素為：

（一）訊息長度。

（二）需要的美工圖片說明。

（三）使用的傳遞系統。

（四）印刷能力。

（五）傳單的目的。

LEAFLET PRINCIPLES
Desirable Leaflet Writer Qualifications:

A single, local national leaflet writer with all the qualifications listed below is rarely obtainable. Yet every effort must be made to obtain a writer with these qualities:

o                                                        A good, practical knowledge of the target audience language, including current idioms and slang, to enable him to effectively translate the ideas to be incorporated into the leaflet.

o                                                        Recent residence in the target location and familiarity with current happenings in that area (politics, cultural patterns, and even language vernacular often change rapidly and the skillful leaflet writer must be abreast of all these changes).

o                                                        Familiarity with the organization of the enemy's forces--leadership, equipment, and arms--should enable him to know the average enemy soldier's emotional and sociological background, including his ambitions, prejudices, likes, and dislikes.

o                                                        Familiarity with the civilian population and the political, sociological, economic, and psychological environment within which it functions.

o                                                        Experience in one or more of the following fields: advertising copywriter, journalism, political or social sciences, public relations, and any other field allied to persuasive or interpretative writing.

傳單的原則

理想的傳單撰稿人的資格：

個別具有當地全國性的傳單撰稿人，要具備以下所列的所有資格是很難得的。然而，仍必須要盡一切努力，網羅具備這些資格的傳單作者：

一、有良好與實際的瞭解目標群眾的語言，包括時下的成語與俚語，使他能有效率地翻譯構想，並與傳單相結合。

二、近期居住在目標位置，並熟悉那個地方目前所發生的事情（政治、文化型態，甚至本地話，語言通常會快速改變，而熟練的傳單撰稿人必須能跟得上這些變化。）

三、熟悉敵人兵力組織－領導統御、裝備與武器－應該使他能夠知道一般敵軍士兵的情緒與社會背景，包括他們的抱負、偏見、喜好與討厭的事物。

四、熟捻平民百姓與政治、社會、經濟與心理發揮功能的環境。

五、經歷以下一種或多種領域：廣告宣傳文字的撰稿人、新聞、政治或社會科學、公共關係以及其他任何類似說服性或說明解釋的寫作領域。
Writing for Maximum Effectiveness:

Because the text of the message is limited by space and other considerations, the writer must persuade the enemy with the reasonableness or emotional content of his message so that the reader will be motivated either to pass it on to others or to relay the message by word of mouth.

發揮最大的寫作效率

由於文字訊息受限於空間與其他考量，撰稿人必須以合理或帶有感情的訊息內容來說服敵人，致使讀者在受到激勵之後，能夠傳遞給別人，並以口語訊息傳播隻字片語。
Writing Objectively:

Objectivity is the keynote of effective leaflet writing. Although it is difficult to do, the efficient leaflet writer puts aside all personal prejudices and biases when writing for enemy consumption. The leaflet writer depends upon intelligence agencies for information upon which to base his leaflet appeals. This information must not be adapted to fit the writer's own personal views. Rather, it must fit the emotional and thought process of the audience, and be pertinent to the primary interests of its members.

寫作要客觀

客觀是傳單撰寫發揮效率的基本方針，雖然很難達成，有效率的傳單撰稿人在針對敵人寫作的時候，必須擱置所有個人偏見與成見，傳單撰稿人依靠情報機構所提供的情資，作為他傳單訴求的基礎，這種資訊不須適用於傳單撰稿人自己個人的觀點，更確切的說，內容必須是維繫觀眾的感情與理念的過程，應該與其成員的主要利益有直接關聯。
Writing Positively:

Assertion, not negotiation, is the stock in trade of the leaflet writer. The PSYOP writer has, without doubt, the toughest selling job in the world. Every facility at the disposal of the enemy, from domestic propaganda to military strength, is aimed at discrediting or refuting the writer's statements. A negative attitude, therefore, is interpreted by the enemy as a sign of weakness. Only positive appeals can wear down the psychological barrier the enemy has erected against the PSYOP writer. Furthermore, enemy propaganda may be designed to influence the opponent to deny something; and if the propagandist retaliates by categorically denying enemy accusations, he may be supplying data for which the enemy has been probing.

從正面的角度撰稿

傳單撰稿人在推銷給人的評價時，要用有力的陳詞而不是協商，心戰傳單撰稿人的工作無疑地是世界上最艱難的行銷工作，每項設施都是用於對付敵人，不論是從國內文宣到軍事力量，目標針對破壞其信心與駁斥敵傳單撰稿人說法，因此負面態度會被敵人解讀為弱點的徵候。只有用正面的訴求，才能削弱敵人所豎立的反對心戰傳單撰稿人的心理障礙。再者，敵人文宣可能設計用來影響而使對方否認，倘若文宣人員經由否認敵人的控訴，而加以報復的話，他可能會提供給敵人，已在調查的資料。

LEAFLET COMPOSITION
Typography:

Although leaflets generally are small, they should contain comparatively large print, particularly when directed toward the enemy. However, a small leaflet with large print makes it necessary to use a text that is brief, to the point, and immediately attractive. Since enemy personnel and civilians in areas under enemy control are prohibited from picking up or reading leaflets from external sources, the large print enables them to read the message without touching the leaflet. In case the reader wishes to hide the leaflet and read it surreptitiously at a later time, a small leaflet is more easily concealed. The type must be large enough to be perfectly legible and familiar to the audience. While the heading and subheading may vary in size, body type should be 8 points or larger. If the Roman alphabet is not used in the target area, provision must be made to obtain the proper type reproduction capability. In covert operations, type and paper must be that which is available within, and common to, the target area in order to maintain the facade required in black or gray propaganda operations.

傳單的結構

體裁：

雖然傳單一般都很小，應該要有比較大的印刷字體，特別是在引導敵人時。然而，傳單體積小而印刷字體大，需要使用簡短、中肯、立即可吸引人的文字，因為在敵控制地區下的敵軍的人員與民眾，禁止檢拾或閱讀外來的傳單，較大的印刷字體可以讓他們不用碰觸傳單就能夠閱讀訊息，萬一閱讀傳單的人想收藏傳單，並在往後暗中秘密地閱讀，小張傳單較容易隱藏，這種傳單必須要大到非常明瞭易讀並為大眾所熟悉。雖然標題與次標題大小各異，本文的字應該設定為八點或更大，假如目標地區不使用羅馬字母，必須要準備適當的複製能力，在掩蔽物作業下，為了維持所需黑色或是灰色外觀的文宣作業，字體與紙張在目標區內部應該是常見而且隨手可得的。
Color:

A judicious use of color is important in the appearance of the leaflet. The number of colors available will be limited by the type of printing equipment available. When two or more colors can be used, the following factors should be considered:

顏色：

慎選使用顏色，對傳單的外觀很重要，手邊可用顏色的數量會受限於可用印刷裝備的種類，當有兩種或以上的顏色可使用時，必須要考慮以下因素：

o                                                        Color in a leaflet should usually contrast sharply with the predominant color of the terrain over which it is to disseminated in order to attract attention. On occasions, however, color in a leaflet may be planned to blend with the terrain in areas where punitive or other sanctions have been imposed to limit the reading (and therefore the impact) of enemy leaflets. Blended colors give an individual greater opportunity to pick up, handle, or retain a leaflet.

一、為吸引注意，傳單顏色通常應該與要傳散傳單的地貌主要顏色形成強烈對比。然而，偶爾會有計畫的傳單顏色與地貌混合的情形，主要在實施懲罰或制裁的地區，以限制閱讀（因而衝擊)敵軍的傳單。混合顏色會使個人有較大機會去檢拾，觸摸或保存傳單。

o                                                        Favorite colors of the enemy target may be used frequently. For example, canary yellow is favored in the Orient, and green in Ireland. Colors included in the national flags of the several countries are usually "safe" colors to use.

二、敵方目標喜歡的顏色可以經常使用。譬如說，鮮黃色是東方國家喜歡的顏色，愛爾蘭喜歡綠色，包括幾個國家的國旗顏色通常都是可以「安全」使用的顏色。

o                                                        Colors must be appropriate to the culture of the audience so as to signify the idea or emotion the propagandist wishes to convey. Colors may be used to harmonize with the moods of the illustrations or message within the frame of reference of the target audience. In some countries red may be used to suggest violence, blue or green for peaceful scenes, and black or white for death.

o                                                        三、顏色必須要符合群眾文化，才能夠表達宣傳者想要傳達的想法與感情，顏色可以用來調和目標群眾有關的框架內部所列舉事情或訊息的基調。在某些國家，紅色可能是暗示暴力，藍色或綠色是象徵和平的場景，而黑色或白色則代表死亡。

Photographs:

Photographs often are used as documentary proof of particular incidents or events. Pictures of bombed enemy cities showing well-known landmarks are proof to enemy soldiers that their homeland is in fact being subjected to devastating air raids. Pictures of healthy prisoners eating hearty meals tend to reduce the enemy's fears that he will be maltreated if he becomes a prisoner. To insure sharp pictures, only clear photographic plates should be used. Since photographs and illustrations carry a message, they must be arranged and numbered in a culturally logical sequence. For example, in some cultures the sequence of reading is from right to left, in others from top to bottom and right to left. Placing a number in front of the caption which accompanies a photograph or illustration makes it easier for the reader to follow the sequence. Caption all photographs and illustrations. If this is not done, the reader may not understand the point the message is trying to make.

照片：

照片通常是用來作為特殊事件或大事紀錄證明，轟炸敵軍城市顯示的著名地標的照片，可以作為給敵軍士兵的證據，證明他們的家園事實上正遭受空襲的破壞。

健康囚犯吃著豐盛的大餐比較容易減少敵軍的恐懼，因為他們往往恐懼如果他變成囚犯時，將會遭受虐待。為了確保照片的完美品質，只能使用清晰的照片感光板。

由於照片與圖片說明附帶訊息，必須安排與文化邏輯相關的部分處理。例如，有些國家的閱讀順序是由右至左，有些是由上而下與由右至左，在附帶照片或說明的標題前面放置數字方便閱讀傳單的人遵照其順序。

在所有照片與圖片說明加上標題，假如沒有這樣做，讀者可能不瞭解訊息試圖傳達的重點。

Cartoons and Drawings:

Cartoons and drawings, when done in a manner appealing to the target audience, are invaluable assets in supporting the theme of a leaflet. may attract the eye; they help to present a more attractive format; they tend to leave lasting impressions; they may interpret the message for illiterates who cannot read the accompanying message; and they may be used with a slogan or without printed messages.

卡通與圖畫

已製作完成的卡通與圖畫吸引目標群眾的眼光，是支援傳單主題的無價的資產；卡通與圖畫有助於呈現更有吸引力的規格；它們會留下持久的印象；可以解讀那些無法閱讀而要說明的伴隨訊息；也可以與口號併用或者非印刷訊息。

Format Symmetry:

Headlines, subheadings, photographs, cartoons, drawings, captions, and text should be so arranged as to present an attractive and symmetrical appearance. Variety in format is important in a leaflet campaign except in the use of surrender or safe conduct passes which are standardized throughout the theater of operations for recognition purposes.

格式對稱

標題、次標題、照片、卡通、圖畫、字幕和本文應該適切地編排，以展現吸引力與對稱的外觀，除了用於投降或安全通行的證明，應具有便於辨認的目的，而整個作戰區採取標準化格式之外，格式的變化對傳單戰而言很重要。

PRESENTING THE LEAFLET TEXT
Heading:

The leaflet heading is normally the most important part of the leaflet because it is the part that first catches the eye. In composing the heading, the propaganda writer must be brief, summarizing the theme by using short, forceful words.

呈現傳單的文字

標題：

一般來說，傳單標題是傳單最重要的部分，因為它是第一個吸引目光的部分。文宣作者在標題的組成上要簡潔，主題的大意要使用簡短有力的字。

Subheading:

Leaflet subheadings are used when it is impossible to summarize the text in the main heading and further explanation is needed to point out the significance of the message. They may also be used to introduce separate paragraphs in the body of the text and to bridge gaps between headline and text.

次標題：

傳單次標題是用於主要標題無法概括本文重點，並需要進一步解釋指出訊息的重要性，它們也可以用於介紹文字本文中分開的段落，並且填補主題與本文間的缺口。

Text:

To gain the interest of a target audience within the first few words, the first sentence or two of the text should contain the substance of the message, with the facts and details following. Credible and verifiable facts whether favorable or not, are the backbone of the leaflet message because they demand attention. The target audience often risks death or severe punishment for reading leaflets; thus, the information must be of vital importance for the audience to continue to read leaflets. Because of space limitations, the text should be simple and to the point, presenting the message to the target audience without confusing him. The leaflet normally presents only one theme. A leaflet which presents two or more unrelated or vaguely related themes confuses the target audience and detracts from the relative persuasive strength of each theme. If more than one theme is used, they should be closely related.

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