One of the unsung heroes of the black propaganda war was Hale’s deputy Major Colin


Colston Wintle. He was the main link between PWE and SOE, often acted as head of D/Q


and was one of SOE’s representatives on the deception committee. He worked closely


with Delmer’s staff and the German section of SOE to disseminate black propaganda


literature and UPC’s sibs, as well as his deception work.The son of a Bristol GP, Wintle


had a passion for the outdoors life and for British history. After graduating from Clifton


College he eventually found himself working as a hack on a local Bristol newspaper and


then went on to Fleet Street as a correspondent on the Daily Mirror and the News


Chronicle. After the war he went into partnership with Sheridan and set up a London


based Public Relations firm. Sheridan also remained in the psychological warfare business


as a leading member of the Foreign Office’s new secret Information Research Department


(IRD), headed by Sir Ralph Murray. The department acted as a foil to counter Soviet


communist propaganda throughout the Cold War.


溫透少校(Colin Colston Wintle)是被埋沒的欺敵英雄之一,他也是哈爾的副手。他


是聯結政治作戰部與特種作戰部的重要人物,通常代表D/Q部門,也是特種作戰部


於欺敵委員會的代表。他與戴摩的組員密切合作,並與特種作戰部的德國小組成員


散佈欺敵文宣及地下宣傳組織產出的謠言,這也是他的工作項目。身為布里斯托 GP


之子,溫透對戶外活動及英國史十分有興趣。在克利夫頓學院畢業後,即在布里斯


托當地報社找到工作,後來便到艦隊街當鏡報及新聞彙編的特派員。戰後,他與謝


理登合夥以倫敦為中心成立了一公關公司。謝理登仍繼續參與,由墨菲爵士領軍的


外交部新編成情報資源部門的心戰工作。該部門於冷戰期間仍繼續反俄共的工作。


Department D/Q remained a small but highly effective section of SOE, the history of their


spin-doctoring would make compelling, if a little unnerving, reading when, or if, it is ever


fully revealed. They were certainly imaginative in their means of rumour dissemination.


They set-up various whispering networks around the world and carefully selected which


were to be used for any particular rumour. Using all networks at once to spread the same


rumour would obviously be disastrous and would reveal the deception. SOE agents in the


field in both occupied and neutral countries were utilised as well as agents in Britain who


perhaps operated at a port or airport and could talk to passengers and seamen about to


embark for a foreign country.


D/Q部門量小質精地於特種作戰部下持續作業,若其發揮功效,它的展示輿論操作


能力將十分驚人。他們謠言散佈的手法十分有創意。他們在世界各地架構了許多傳


播流言蜚語網絡,並審慎地評估何時應使用何種方式傳播。同時應用所有的網絡時


其效果將十分恐佈並可有效達成欺敵效果。特種作戰部幹員同時在被納粹佔領的國


家及中立國工作與在英國的幹員相同,他們可能於港口或機場作業,與旅客或船員


談論有關登船(機)的事宜。


The ports particularly targeted included Avonmouth, Glasgow, Liverpool, and Fleetwood


and the airports of Poole and Whitchurch. The pilots employed on the Whitchurch to


Lisbon air route were Dutchmen and suspected of communicating with their home


country. Other agents made contact with neutral seamen at their hostels and clubs,


particularly the Norwegian Seamen’s Hostel in London and the Danish Pool in Newcastle.


Communists and others suspected of being in communication with the enemy were


planted with sibs. Indiscrete letters written by people in England to friends abroad were


allowed by special arrangement to pass through the censorship unedited.


其主要作業的港口計有亞文茅斯、格拉斯哥、利物浦及弗利伍等,機場計有浦耳及


懷邱吉等。從懷邱吉飛往里斯本的航線駕駛為荷蘭人,其有與祖國連繫的嫌疑。其


他探員在旅舍或俱樂部中,與中立船員交遊,尤其是在倫敦的挪威船員及在紐卡索


的丹麥船員。共產黨員與可疑通敵份子則散播以謠言。英國人民寄送至海外友人的


郵件則特許不必通關查驗。


Neutral journalists and diplomatic missions in London were fed stories and reports were


introduced into the British and American press. In fact D/Q formed and operated a news


agency in New York which Leslie Sheridan christened Britanova. 19 His first wife, Doris,


a fellow Mirror journalist was employed there for most of the war. 20 There was also a


separate whispering organisation in New York but it ceased operations when America


entered the war and Donovan’s new Office of Strategic Services (OSS) began handling


sibbing in America. British Embassy and Legation staff abroad also had their whisper


officers who received their sib lists, called Venom telegrams, via Foreign Office ciphers.


中立記者及在倫敦的外交使節團則被引見給英國及美國媒體。事實上,D/Q部門在


紐約成立了一個新據點,被謝里登命名為「大不列顛(Britanova)」。謝里登的第一


任妻子多莉絲,也是其鏡報同事,戰時便於此工作。在紐約,也有其他散佈謠言的


組織,但在美國加入戰爭後,唐納文的戰略行政部門(Office of Strategic Services,


美國中情局前身)即接手處理美洲地區的謠言散播。英國大使館或外交使節中,也


有從事謠言散佈的工作人員,他們透過外國辦公室解碼而獲得的謠言清單,被稱作


「毒液電報(Venom telegrams)」。


SOE’s whispering network in Turkey was a typical example of how the machinery for


spreading rumours worked. A Chief Whisperer was appointed who then recruited ten


Sub-whisperers, each of whom was chosen because they had specially good contact with


certain classes of people from politicians and Army officers to waiters and barbers, for


example. Each Sub-whisperer was conscious of the fact that he, or she, was working for


SOE, but although they knew the Chief Whisperer, they did not know the identities of any


of the other Sub-whisperers. Each Sub-whisperer then recruited ten to twenty unconscious


agents to whom they passed on rumours. 21


特種作戰部在土耳其的謠言散佈網絡,可做為謠言散播的典型範例。由一位指派的


主要謠言散佈員,招募十位謠言散佈副手,入選人員和某一階層人員有良好的互動


關係,其範圍包括了政客、軍人到待者、理髪師等。這十位謠言散佈副手必須知道


他們是為特種作戰部效力,他們彼此間並不認識,僅認識那位主要謠言散佈員。每


位謠言散佈副手再將謠言散佈給十至二十位種子人員。


In Tangiers rumours were spread amongst the small French bourgeoisie and Jewish


trading community there, amongst the lower class of Arabs through story tellers and the


Arab trading class, as well as general dissemination in cafes, bars, dancing halls, and


brothels. SOE were also in contact in Casablanca with a Jew and a French insurance agent


who both regularly travelled to and from Vichy France and would take back rumours for


passing into Occupied France.


在坦吉爾,謠言在法國中產階級、猶太商人團體、阿拉伯商人間流傳,謠言同時也


在咖啡店、酒吧、舞廳及紅燈戶中流傳。特種作戰部也與卡薩布蘭卡的猶太和法國


保險商接洽,因為他們可將謠言帶往需商務往返的法國南部維希政府及被納粹佔領


的法國中、北部地區。


The UPC scored another small propaganda victory when it put out a brief rumour that


simply said, “Udet has committed suicide”. Luftwaffe General Ernst Udet was one of


Germany’s greatest First World War fighter pilots; he flew in the same squadron as the


famous Red Baron, Manfred von Richthofen and with the future commander of the Third


Reich’s Luftwaffe, Hermann Göring. Udet scored 62 victories, second only to Richthofen


himself, and was awarded the distinguished Pour le Mérite order. Between the wars Udet


had a successful career as an aerobatic stunt pilot travelling the world giving impressive


flying displays dressed up in the costume of a top hat, long beard, and frock coat. He flew


stunts in a number of movies, most notably The White Hell of Pitz Palu. According to the


Udet legend he was very reluctantly persuaded by his old WWI flying comrade Göring to


join the new Luftwaffe and soon became the Chief of Armaments Procurement, a position


he was sorely inappropriate for. As war approached, Udet was instrumental in the


development of the Ju. 87 Stuka dive-bomber.


地下宣傳組織在散佈「伍登自裁」此一謠言時,又打贏了一場小小勝仗。德國空軍


將領伍登是德國第一次世界大戰時優秀的飛行員,他曾與著名飛行員「紅男爵」里


希霍芬(Manfred von Richthofen)和德國未來空軍司令葛林(Hermann Göring),在


同一中隊執行飛行任務。伍登贏得了六十二場的勝利,只排名於「紅男爵」里希霍


芬之後,並獲頒藍色馬克斯勳章(Pour le Mérite)。兩次世界大戰間,伍登成功地擔


任特技飛行員,他蓄長鬚、戴高帽、著禮服於世界各地表演特技飛行。他曾在幾部


電影中表演特技飛行,其中著名的是「匹茨帕盧的白色地獄(The White Hell of Pitz


Palu)」。據伍登表示,他在極不情願的情況下被第一次世界大戰的戰友葛林說服再


次加入德國空軍,並很快地他做上一個十分不適合他的職位-軍備部長。當戰爭即


將展開時,伍登指導了Ju. 87 Stuka俯衝轟炸機的研發。


The UPC in July 1941 wanted to create the appearance of disharmony and confusion over


direction of the war in the German High Command. The rumour that Udet had taken his


own life was part of this scheme. 23 No doubt assisted by the Britanova news agency the


story appeared in the US press and was front-page news in Britain in both the Daily


Telegraph and Daily Sketch newspapers on 30 July. The Daily Telegraph reported from


their New York correspondent that, “Ernst Udet, General of the Nazi Luftwaffe, and one


of Marshal Goering’s closest associates, has committed suicide while under protective


arrest by Himmler’s Black Guards. He was detained after making vehement protests


against Hitler’s folly in invading Russia.” The newspaper claims the report had been


smuggled out of Germany via Holland by opponents of Hitler’s regime. “The greatest


importance and credence is attached to it by Allied official circles”, the newspaper


believed.


「地下宣傳委員會」於1941年7月製造德軍高層對戰爭指導的衝突與矛盾。謠言指


出伍登自裁是這計畫的一部分。由大不列顛新聞社在美國發表,而「每日電報(Daily


Telegraph)」與「每日速寫(Daily Sketch)」則於7月30日在英國以頭版頭條大肆報


導。「每日電報」報導,據其駐紐約特派員指出,『德國空軍將領伍登,葛林最親近


的幕僚,於黨衛軍的保護拘留下自裁了,其因為抗議希特勒進軍蘇俄而被扣留。』


據新聞報導,此一消息是由反希特勒政權的反對份子由荷蘭走露風聲。『最重要的是


此一消息是由同盟國官方釋出。』


To quash this rumour, the next day Göbbels arranged for foreign correspondents to


interview Udet, to prove he was very much alive. Udet joked about his apparent


premature death. Encouraged by the controversy caused, the UPC followed-up with


another rumour which said Udet’s life had been saved at the last minute by the direct


intervention of Göring, but only after the reports of his suicide had been put out. 24


為了粉碎此則謠言,戈培爾(Göbbels)即安排伍登接受外國記者訪問,以證明其仍


然存活著,訪問中伍登對他自已的早夭新聞開著玩笑。受到引起此一爭論之鼓勵,「地


下宣傳委員會」再接再勵地散佈另一個謠言,其指出在伍登自裁的消息走漏後,方


由葛林在最後一刻保住伍登的小命。


In what must be one of the most extraordinary co-incidents of the war, three months later


it seems Udet really did kill himself. According to eyewitness testimony, Udet


melodramatically shot himself with a Colt revolver whilst talking to his mistress, Inge


Bleyle, on the telephone. Because of the failure of the Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain,


controversy over the Russian campaign, the intriguing of fellow officers, and not being


able to cope with his high position, so the story goes, Udet had become increasingly


depressed and drank heavily. On 17 November 1941, this hero of WWI and reluctant


Nazi, had had enough and took his own life. 25


但最巧的事是隨著戰事的演進,伍登在三個月後真的自裁了。根據目擊者人的證詞


表示,伍登正與他的情婦貝莉兒說話的同時,以一把科爾特左輪手槍結束了自已的


生命。由於德國空軍於英國戰場的失利、對征戰蘇俄的爭論、官員間的角力以及無


法善盡其職等等因素下,伍登變得非常沮喪並開始酗酒。在1941年11月17日,這


位一次世界大戰英雄及不情願的納粹黨員結束了他的生命。


Especially because of the previous rumours of Udet’s suicide, it was impossible for


Göbbels to announce that Udet had killed himself. The official German communiqué


claimed that he had been killed in a flying accident testing a new aircraft, he was to be


given a full state funeral, and Jagdgeschwader 3 squadron would be named in his honour.


On his journey to attend Udet’s funeral the Luftwaffe’s current top fighter ace and newly


appointed General of Fighters, Werner Mölders was killed in a plane crash. The


circumstances of Mölder’s death were also manipulated for psychological warfare


purposes. Sefton Delmer, in what must have been one of his first black leaflet operations


since joining the Political Warfare Executive, concocted a fake letter apparently written by


Mölders, a practising Roman Catholic, to a non-existent Probst Johst of Stettin which


denounced the anti-religious attitudes of the Nazis. The letter was printed on forged pages


of a Luftwaffe signals pad and dropped by aircraft over Germany. The implication was


that Mölders’ pilot comrades had reproduced and distributed the letter, as they believed


his death had not been an accident. The letter circulated quickly in Germany causing some


controversy.


In June 1943 the UPC also sibbed that Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, the Desert Fox, had


committed suicide. 26 If they had put out the rumour a year later they would have been


right again, when Rommel also took his own life.


基於先前有關伍登自裁的謠言,使得戈培爾很難再公佈伍登的自殺消息。德國官方


宣稱,伍登是於一場試飛失事意外中身亡,並為他辦了一場隆重的葬禮。第三戰機


中隊將以其姓名命名。而當時德軍王牌飛行員莫德(Mölders)在前往參加伍登葬禮


時,卻因空難喪命。莫德之死亦有操控德軍心戰的目的。戴摩完成了加入政治作戰


部後的第一張欺敵傳單,其仿造了一封莫德寫給羅馬天主教會,表明納粹黨員反宗


教的態度。這份欺敵傳單上仿造德國空軍軍徽,並以飛機投散於德國各地。此舉暗


示使莫德的同袍相信,莫德之死並不單純。此一信件很快地於德國引起極大的迴響。


1943年6月,地下宣傳組織亦發佈了「沙漠之狐」隆美爾自裁的消息。假


如他們將此謠言延後一年發佈,那可能又會打對靶了,因為隆美爾也在一年後結束


自已的生命。


As the war progressed new opportunities arose for successful covert anti-Nazi propaganda


with the German setbacks in Russia, America’s entry into the war, Rommel’s defeat in


North Africa, the increasing failure of the U-boat blockade, and Italy’s surrender. But as


time went on the Underground Propaganda Committee’s role declined. The UPC was a


pale reflection of the work being done by Delmer’s clandestine radio stations. Delmer was


never a member of the Committee but was on the distribution list for the Committee’s


weekly minutes, to make sure they were not contradicting his own psychological warfare


and to supply extra rumours which could be broadcast via his stations. Radio was far more


effective at circulating rumours than the UPC’s mechanism but the oral rumour had the


advantage of being practically untraceable, so allowing greater latitude for spreading more


contentious and outlandish stories.


當戰事持續進行,透過德軍於蘇俄的挫敗、美國的加入、隆美爾在北非的戰敗、德


國潛艦的被封鎖以及義大利的投降,反納粹宣傳契機愈來愈多。但隨著戰爭的演進,


「地下宣傳委員會」的角色卻減少了。地下宣傳組織只是戴摩秘密電台工作的一小


部份。戴摩從來不是委員會中的一員,但他的名字總是出現在委員會週會紀錄的感


謝名單上,以確認他們不反對戴摩的心戰手段並透過戴摩的電台傳播更多的謠言。


廣播比地下宣傳組織傳播流言的機制更具效率,但口述謠言較無法追溯,並


可散佈更多誇大不實的故事。


The last recorded meeting of the Committee was on 13 April 1945 and included the sib


that, “the gold found by the Allies in the salt mine near Eisenach was not the Reich’s bank


gold (which has already been deposited abroad) but gold looted by the Party bigwigs”. 27


By the end of the war the UPC had concocted almost 8,000 different rumours, not


including those formulated for a short time in New York and others in Cairo. Their work


was always controversial and some of the myths they perpetrated persist to this very day,


which shows they must have been successful to a certain extent.


地下宣傳組織最後的會議是在1945年4月13日召開,產出謠言是「同盟國於德國


艾森納赫(Eisenach)附近發現的黃金並非是德國銀行所有的,但黃金已被政黨大老


給搶奪。」


在二次世界大戰的尾聲,地下宣傳組織計產出八千則不同的謠言,且不包括在


紐約和開羅散佈的。地下宣傳組織的工作雖十分具爭議性,他們調製的部份謠


言迄今仍有人相信,這也證明了他們任務的成功。
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